Recirculating aquaculture system
A closed tank farm that cleans and reuses its water, letting fish be raised indoors with little water and space.
Also: RAS, biofloc
In a recirculating aquaculture system, water flows from fish tanks through filters that remove solid waste, then through a biological filter where bacteria turn toxic ammonia into less harmful nitrate, and back to the tanks, with oxygen added on the way. Up to about 99 per cent of the water is reused each day. These farms can be built anywhere, even in cities, and hold fish at high densities, but they use a lot of power and need skilled care. Biofloc, popular with small farmers in India, uses clumps of bacteria in the tank to clean the water.